View the video on the right. It shows hydrogen bonding in water molecules. Answer the questions below. Hydrogen bonds are intermolecular bonds. That is, they occur between molecules or even between different parts of large molecules, such as proteins. Hydrogen bonding is a particularly strong form of dipole dipole bonding but not as strong as covalent or ionic bonding. It is an electrostatic force of attraction between molecules that have a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen, fluorine or nitrogen atom.

- Hydrogen bonds are weaker than ionic bonds stronger than ionic bonds weaker than both ionic and covalent bonds stronger than ionic and covalent bonds

- Hydrogen bonds take place between molecules that have a one or more hydrogen atoms a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen atom. nitrogen or oxygen atom

- Explain how hydrogen bonding comes about.

sourced at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZ8JxFwR_nY on 8.59pm 26/9/20

It makes sense to assume that where there is great discrepancy in electronegativity between the two atoms in the bond the greater the charge on the dipoles will be. Consider hydrogen with an electronegativity of 2.1 and oxygen with an electronegativity of 3.5. Oxygen's greater attraction will mean that the electrons being shared will be pulled even closer to the oxygen atom and thus creating bigger charges (dipoles). When you compare the dipoles in water with those in hydrogen chloride(HCl) you would expect that the dipoles in HCl will be smaller due to the lesser discrepancy in electronegativity between hydrogen and chlorine.

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The animation above shows the charges formed on the surface of a molecule by the uneven sharing of electrons within chemical bonds. Notice how the electrons are being pulled closer to the oxygen atom, hence creating a polar(charges on both ends) molecule.

Hydrogen bonding can occur between a hydrogen bonded to either a nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine but also a nitrogen or oxygen bonded to any other atom. Look at the animation on the right between cystine and guanine. You will see that the oxygen and nitrogen atoms, even though they are not bonded to a hydrogen still carry a slight negative charge.
Click to see a still of the bonding.

Try these questions

Will hydrogen bonding occur between
1) Water and ammonia

Solution

2) Formaldehyde and methane

Solution

3) Methanol and ammonia

Solution

4) Methyleneamino and formaldehyde

Solution

5) Click to show an image of 5 amino acids linked together to form a small peptide. Hydrogen bonding will take place between what amino acids. 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 4 2 and 3 1 and 5

Solution

Water contains this rather powerful dipole-dipole attraction called hydrogen bonding.

Hydrogen bonding gives water very unique properties and is involved in a great number of other important chemical functions such as:
- holding together the DNA molecule.
- enzymes, antibodies and other important proteins in the body to function in very specific ways.